From Micro- to Nanotechnology
©2002
Studienarbeit
156 Seiten
Zusammenfassung
Inhaltsangabe:Zusammenfassung:
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Technologie und der Märkte auf dem Gebiet der Mikro- und Nanotechnologie zu geben. Mikro- und Nanotechnologie sind aufstrebende neue Technologien, die unsere Gesellschaft in den nächsten Jahren drastisch beeinflussen werden. Mikro- und Nanotechnologie sind definiert als das Erstellen, Verändern und Messen auf einem Niveau kleiner als 100 Nanometer (Molekularebene). Heutige und geplante Auswirkungen und Anwendungen umfassen die folgenden Gebiete: Automobilindustrie, Elektronik und IT-Branche, Umweltschutz, Industrie und Automatisierung, Werkstoffwissenschaften, Chemie, Materialeigenschaften, Medizin und Biomedizin, neue Fabrikationsmethoden, Feinwerktechnik und Optik sowie Telekommunikation.
Dieser Bericht geht näher auf die folgenden Themengebiete ein: Forschungs- und Entwicklungserfolge der Vergangenheit sowie Anwendungsgebiete aktueller Mikrotechnologie-Produkte mit einem speziellen Blick auf den Healthcare Markt und Biotechnologie Produkte wie lab on a chip oder Mikroarrays.
Es werden neue Fabrikationsmethoden einiger Anwendungen näher betrachtet. Die wichtigsten Marktteilnehmer werden vorgestellt: Universitäten, Firmen, Forschungsanstalten, Organisationen und wichtige Persönlichkeiten. Diese und ihre Arbeitsgebiete werden näher beschrieben. Aktuelle Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekte und die zugehörige Infrastruktur aus verschiedensten Ländern werden näher betrachtet.
Zukünftige Anwendungen aus verschiedenen Gebieten der Nanotechnologie, der Folgetechnologie zur Mikrotechnik, werden diskutiert. Diese umfassen: Werkstoffwissenschaften, Medizin und Biotechnologie, Feinwerktechnik, Elektronik und IT, Automatisierungstechnik und neue Fabrikationsmethoden.
Ein Überblick über die Investoren für die Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeit wird gegeben. Öffentliche Förderprogramme verschiedener Länder werden genauso betrachtet und untereinander verglichen wie private Unterstützung von Non-Profit Organisationen und Venture Kapital Gesellschaften.
Das Potential der Nanotechnologie für die Zukunft wird zusammen mit einem Ausblick auf eine große Zukunft und hohe Wachstumsraten präsentiert. Verschiedene Marktszenarien für die Zukunft werden vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Das Ende dieser Arbeit widmet sich dem Rose Hulman Institute of Technology und deren Gründerzentrum Rose Hulman Ventures. Deren Erfahrung und Methoden bei der Unterstützung von […]
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Technologie und der Märkte auf dem Gebiet der Mikro- und Nanotechnologie zu geben. Mikro- und Nanotechnologie sind aufstrebende neue Technologien, die unsere Gesellschaft in den nächsten Jahren drastisch beeinflussen werden. Mikro- und Nanotechnologie sind definiert als das Erstellen, Verändern und Messen auf einem Niveau kleiner als 100 Nanometer (Molekularebene). Heutige und geplante Auswirkungen und Anwendungen umfassen die folgenden Gebiete: Automobilindustrie, Elektronik und IT-Branche, Umweltschutz, Industrie und Automatisierung, Werkstoffwissenschaften, Chemie, Materialeigenschaften, Medizin und Biomedizin, neue Fabrikationsmethoden, Feinwerktechnik und Optik sowie Telekommunikation.
Dieser Bericht geht näher auf die folgenden Themengebiete ein: Forschungs- und Entwicklungserfolge der Vergangenheit sowie Anwendungsgebiete aktueller Mikrotechnologie-Produkte mit einem speziellen Blick auf den Healthcare Markt und Biotechnologie Produkte wie lab on a chip oder Mikroarrays.
Es werden neue Fabrikationsmethoden einiger Anwendungen näher betrachtet. Die wichtigsten Marktteilnehmer werden vorgestellt: Universitäten, Firmen, Forschungsanstalten, Organisationen und wichtige Persönlichkeiten. Diese und ihre Arbeitsgebiete werden näher beschrieben. Aktuelle Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekte und die zugehörige Infrastruktur aus verschiedensten Ländern werden näher betrachtet.
Zukünftige Anwendungen aus verschiedenen Gebieten der Nanotechnologie, der Folgetechnologie zur Mikrotechnik, werden diskutiert. Diese umfassen: Werkstoffwissenschaften, Medizin und Biotechnologie, Feinwerktechnik, Elektronik und IT, Automatisierungstechnik und neue Fabrikationsmethoden.
Ein Überblick über die Investoren für die Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeit wird gegeben. Öffentliche Förderprogramme verschiedener Länder werden genauso betrachtet und untereinander verglichen wie private Unterstützung von Non-Profit Organisationen und Venture Kapital Gesellschaften.
Das Potential der Nanotechnologie für die Zukunft wird zusammen mit einem Ausblick auf eine große Zukunft und hohe Wachstumsraten präsentiert. Verschiedene Marktszenarien für die Zukunft werden vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Das Ende dieser Arbeit widmet sich dem Rose Hulman Institute of Technology und deren Gründerzentrum Rose Hulman Ventures. Deren Erfahrung und Methoden bei der Unterstützung von […]
Leseprobe
Inhaltsverzeichnis
ID 6570
Riffelmacher, Martin: From Micro- to Nanotechnology
Hamburg: Diplomica GmbH, 2003
Zugl.: Stuttgart, Universität, Studienarbeit, 2002
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Page 2 of 154
Table of Contents
Table of Contents...2
Table of Figures ...4
Acronyms ...5
1. Executive Summary...8
2. Past developments and current markets...10
2.1 General issues ...10
2.2 Existing Markets ...13
2.2.1 Industry Rating...15
2.2.2 Biochip business / biochip markets: ...19
2.2.3 Five business models ...20
2.2.4 USA/Europe vs Japan ...21
2.3 Best available Technology / Applications ...23
2.3.1 Eight segments ...23
2.3.2 Biomedicine ...30
2.3.3 Lab-on-a-chip...32
2.3.4 Microarrays:...36
2.4 Current R&D activities ...40
2.5 Hurdles and Breaking barriers ...41
2.6 Nanofabrication:...43
2.7 Patents ...47
3. Market Participants ...50
3.1 Companies...50
3.1.1 Selected Companies in the Nanotechnology market ...50
3.1.2 General Information...60
3.1.3 Other Companies...60
3.1.4 Microarray/ Lab-on-Chip Products and Services of these companies:...62
3.2 Institutes, Laboratories, Universities ...63
3.2.1 Institutes / Laboratories...63
3.2.2 Universities ...67
3.3 Organizations ...76
3.4 Persons ...77
3.5 Investment Companies ...82
4. R&D / future applicatio ns ...87
4.1 R&D in the future ...87
4.1.1 Visions for the future ...87
4.1.2 Lessons from the past...88
4.1.3 Three levels of research in the future...89
4.1.4 NNUN Network ...94
4.1.5 Research with Industry...94
4.1.6 International activities:...95
4.1.7 Problems for R&D ...97
Page 3 of 154
4.2 Future applications ...98
4.2.1 Material science, properties and chemistry...99
4.2.2 Medicine, Biology, Pharma, Health and Environment ...99
4.2.3 Precision engineering, optics and physics ...101
4.2.4 Computer science, Information Technology and Communication...102
4.2.5 Industry, Automation, Automobiles and Aeronautics ...102
4.2.6 New fabrication Methods...103
5. Investors for R&D...105
5.1 Public investing...105
5.1.1 USA...105
5.1.2 Other Countries...118
5.2 Private spending...124
5.2.1 Non profit organizations ...124
5.2.2 Start Ups, Ventures ...125
6. Potential of the Market...127
6.1 General Issues ...127
6.2 Comparison ".com" suffix and "nano" prefix...129
6.3 Moore's Law...130
6.4 S-Curves...131
6.5 Market Policies ...133
7. Rose Hulman Ventures ...135
7.1. What is RHV / RHIT?...135
7.1.1. RHV ...135
7.1.2. RHIT ...137
7.2. Three ways to get into the market ...137
7.3 Remarks ...138
Literature ...140
Annex...143
There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom...143
Page 4 of 154
Table of Figures
Figure 2.1 Scale of things ...11
Figure 2.2 Scale of Volumes...11
Figure 2.3 Growth 19962002 ...14
Figure 2.4 MEMS Industry Report Card ...16
Figure 2.5 Product Evolution Timetable...17
Figure 2.6 Articles mentioning the word "Nanotechnology" ...18
Figure 2.7 Level in different areas of nanotechnology ...22
Figure 2.8 MST Applications fields...24
Figure 2.9 Read Head...25
Figure 2.10 Pictures made from single atoms...28
Figure 2.11 MST- Products Market Volume ...29
Figure 2.12 structure of a Lab-on-chip system ...35
Figure 2.13 Microarray with green and red fluorescence spots ...38
Figure 2.14 Number of new patents in nanoyechnology 1970-1996...48
Figure 3.1 Affymetrix ...50
Figure 3.2 Caliper ...53
Figure 3.3 Incyte ...54
Figure 3.4 Motorola ...56
Figure 3.5 Nanogen...57
Figure 3.6 Nanophase ...58
Figure 3.8 Companies in the market ...59
Figure 3.9 Microarray/ Lab-on-Chip Products and Services ...62
Figure 3.10 Institutes ...66
Figure 3.11 Universities ...76
Figure 3.13 Map of Universities, Laboratories and Companies in the United States:...86
Figure 4.1 Government Expenditures in Nanotechnology Research...95
Figure 4.2 Merger between top-down and bottom-up processing ...104
Figure 5.1 Government Expenses on Nanotechnology Research...106
Figure 5.2 Age ncy Spending on Nanotechnology Research ...110
Figure 5.3 Funding expenses split by funding theme 2000 ...113
Figure 5.4 Funding expenses split by funding theme 2001 ...114
Figure 5.5 Share of the funding themes ...114
Figure 5.6 International R&D budgets...123
Figure 5.7 International R&D budgets (chart)...123
Figure 6.1 Worldwide Shipment 2000-2004 ...127
Figure 6.2 Growth 2002-2005...128
Figure 6.3 S-Curve ...131
Figure 6.4 Comparison with other curves ...132
Figure 7.1 Rose Hulman Ventures ...135
Page 5 of 154
Acronyms
ABS
Antiblock Braking Systems
AFM
Atomic force microscope
ARO
Army Research Office
ASET
Association of Super-Advanced Electronics Technologies
ATM
Atomic Tunneling Microscope
ATP
Advanced Technology program
Bio
Biology
BMBF
Bundesministerium Für Bildung Und Forschung
Translated: German Ministry of Education and Research
CAD
Computer Aided Design
CAGR
Compounded Annual Growth Rates
Cal.Res.Center
Californian Research Center
CalTIP
California Technology Investment Partnership
CBN
Center for Biologic Nanotechnology
CD
Compact Disc
cDNA
complementary-Deoxyribonucleic Acid
CEO
Chief Executive Officer
CINT
Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
CNSI
The California NanoSystems Institute
CVD
Chemical Vapor Deposition
DARPA
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DOC
Departnent Of Commerce
DOD
Department Of Defense
DOE
Department Of Energy
DOJ
Departnent Of Justice
DOT
Departnent Of Transportation
ECNM
European Consortium on NanoMaterials
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EUR
Europe
FSU
Former Soviet Union
GMR
Giant Magneto Resistive Ratio
ION
Institute of Nanotechno logy
IPO
Initial Public Offering
ISO
International Standards Organisation
IT
Information Technology
IWGN
Interagency Working Group On Nanoscience, Engineering, and
Technology
JP
Japan
JPL
Jet propulsion laboratory
Page 6 of 154
JRCAT
Joint Research Center for Atom Technology
JST
Japan Science and Technology Corporation
Killer Apps
Killer Applications (High Volume Applications)
LANL
Los Alamos National Labs
LARTA
Los Angeles Research and Technology Alliance
LIGA
Lithographie, Galvanik und Abformung, German for lithography,
electroplating and molding
LOC
Lab-on-a-Chip
MANCEF
Micro- And Nanotechnology Commercialization Foundation
MEMS
MicroElectroMechanicalSystems
MIT
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
MITI
Ministry of Trading and Industry
MST
MicroSystemTechnology
NASA
National Space and Aeronautics Administration
Nasdaq
National association of securities dealers automated quotation
system
NBTC
Nanobiotechnology Center
NEOME
Network for Excellence on Organic Materials for Electronics)
NER
Nanoscale Exploratory Research
NIH
National Institute Of Health
NIRT
Nanoscale Interdisciplinary Research Teams
NIST
National Institute of Standards and Technology
NNI
National Nanotechnology Initiative
NNUN
National nanofabrication User Network
NRE
Non Recurring Expenses
NRIM
National Research Institute for Metals
NSF
National Science Foundation
NSTC
National Science and Technology Council
NTC
National Technical center
ONR
Office Of Naval Research
ORNL
Oak Ridge National Laboratories
PC
Personal Computer
PCAST
Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology
PHANTOMS
Physics and Technology of Mesoscale Systems
PVD
Physical Vapor Deposition
R&D
Research and Development
RHIT
Rose Hulman Institute Of Technology
RHV
Rose Hulman Ventures
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
SBIR
Small Business Innovation Research Program
SNP
Single Nucleid Polymorphism
SRM
Scanning X-ray Microscope
STA
Science and Technology Agency
Page 7 of 154
STM
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
STTR
Small Business Technology Transfer Program
U.K.
United Kingdom
UCLA
University of Los Angeles
UCSB
University of Santa Barbara
ULTEC
Ultra-Performance Nanotechnology Center
US
United States
USA
United States of America
VC
Venture Capital
WIMS
Wireless Integrated Microsystems
WPI
World Patent Index
WTEC
International Technology Research Institute, World Technology
Division
Page 8 of 154
1. Executive Summary
The goal of this report is to provide an overview of the current status of the technology
and markets in the micro and nanotechnology fields. Micro and nanotechnology are
emerging as exciting new technologies that will impact our society for the next century to
come.
Micro and nanotechnology are defined as creation, manipulation and measurement of sub
100 nanometer scale matter (molecular level).
The current and projected impacts and benefits of micro and nanotechnolgy include the
following areas:
Automotive industry
Electronics and information technology
Environmental monitoring
Industry and automation
IT peripherals
Material science and nanostructures, chemistry, material properties
Medical and biomedical applications
New fabrication methods
Precision engineering and optics
Telecommunication
This report highlights a number of specific topics including :
1.
Past research and development highlights in the field of microtechnology.
2.
Fields of application for microtechnology products with special focus on the
healthcare market and biotechnology applications such as `lab on a chip' or
microarrays.
3.
The fabrication technologies for several applications are discussed.
Page 9 of 154
4.
The important market participants are introduced including: universities,
companies, laboratories, organizations, and famous individuals. A characterization of
each and their areas of work are provided. The fields of micro and nanotechnology
are very wide and therefore each market participant cannot be discussed in detail.
5.
Current research and development activities in different countries are highlighted
along with the infrastructure needed.
6.
Future applications in different areas of nanotechnology are discussed, the
succeeding technology to microtechnology.
These include the following areas:
Material science
Medicine and biology
Precision engineering
Electronics and information technology
Automation in industry and
New fabrication methods.
7.
An overview of the financial investors in research and development activities is
presented. Public funding programs from different nations are illustrated and
compared as well as private spending from non-profit organizations and venture
capitalists.
8.
The potential for the nanotechnology market is presented along with an outlook
for a bright future and high annual growth rates. Different market policies for the
future are introduced and discussed.
9.
The end of this report is about Rose Hulman Institute of Technology and their
business incubator Rose Hulman Ventures. Their experience and their methods of
supporting companies are explained. This report also provides some suggestions for
Rose Hulman Ventures on how to enter and support companies in the nanotechnology
market.
Page 10 of 154
2. Past developments and current markets
2.1 General issues
Microtechnology is one of the emerging technologies in the last ten years. at the
beginning of the 21st century. Micro refers to a millionth of something [10
-6
] so
microtechnology is a technology that deals with very tiny things. Nanotechnology can be
seen as a successive technology to mictrotechnology. It will have great effects on already
existing sciences such as engineering, phys ics, chemistry, biology and material sciences
as well as on already existing products in nanoelectrics and the semiconductor industries.
The term "nano" comes from the Greek language and means translated "dwarf". The
prefix "nano" refers to a billionth [10
-9
] of something. Usually terms like "nano",
"nanosphere" or "nanoscale" are used to describe things at the size of several
nanometers. Nanotechnology often is mistaken with microtechnology and MEMS
[MicroElectricalMechanicalSystems]. But microtechnology deals with products up to
thousand times bigger. Nonotechnology is defined as creation, manipulation and
measurement of sub 100 nanometer scale matter (molecular level).
California is considered to be the birthplace of nanotechnology. In 1959 Nobel
Laurate physicist Richard P. Feynman (see also chapter 3.4) gave a now- famous speech
at Caltech in Pasadena. Although it was not yet possible he talked about assembly at a
molecular level. For the text of the speech see Annex. /1/; /2/
Page 11 of 154
Figure 2.1 Scale of things
/1/; /3/
In the application areas of Biotechnology and "Lab on a chip" liquid materials play a
major role. Therefore we have to deal with volumes in the nano-liter range.
Figure 2.2 Scale of Volumes
1 l
10
0
1000 cm
3
0.001 m
3
1 ml 10
-3
1 cm
3
0.000001 m
3
1 µl
10
-6
0.001 cm
3
0.000000001 m
3
1 nl
10
-9
0.000001cm
3
0.000000000001 m
3
10 mm
100 mm
1 mm
1000
µ
m
1 met
er
1000 mm
100
µ
m
10
µ
m
1
µ
m
1000 nm
100 nm
10 nm
0.1 nm
1 nm
nanoworld
MEMS
10 100
µ
m
Red blood cells
2 5
µ
m
Head of a pin
1-2 mm
Atoms of silicon
space 0.1nm
Circle of 48 atoms
14 nm diameter
microworld
macroworld
1 m
10
0
1m
1 cm
10
-2
0.01 m
1mm 10
-3
0.001 m
1
µ
m 10
-6
0.000001 m
1 nm 10
-9
0.000000001 m
A scale of things can help to understand
the range of size:
Page 12 of 154
Now we are at the linking between the micro and the nano world; that means we have to
deal with physical laws and chemical material properties. The knowledge of gas
dynamics and quantum mechanics can no longer be applied to describe macroscopic
systems. Basic knowledge for a new philosophy in the nanoscale has to be invented.
In the past nano- and micro- devices such as microchips, transistors or electrical circuits
have been reduced in their size continuously, and this development will continue.
Therefore, new fabrication methods will also be needed. Top-down processing (from the
bulk material) is beginning to overlap with bottom-up manufacturing (building structures
from single atoms and molecules) (chapter 4.2.6), this overlap will play a mayor role in
the future (see also chapter 2.6). This combination brings bright prospects for the future.
The advantages of nanotechnology applications are that they require less space, less
energy and less material. They also can be made with cost saving batch production or by
LIGA processing. (see also chapter 2.6)
Anyway, nanotechnology will have tremendous effects on the future, and the future
applications will affect almost every part of our lives.
The basics for all of these future developments are:
·
Powerful computers for simulations
·
Microscopes for measuring and manipulating
·
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM), which was invented in 1981
·
Atomic force microscope (AFM)
·
Scanning x-ray microscope (SRM)
·
Virtual reality to visit the unimaginable world.
Page 13 of 154
Today, nanotechnology can be divided in two groups: applications in material science
and pure research.
A major problem of the nanotechnology sector is, that there are no products in the marker
so far. /1/; /2/
2.2 Existing Markets
California is not only the birthplace of nanotechnology, it is still one of the
world's leading centers in the area of micro- and nanotechnology. Among other high-tech
regions California has the most existing companies with a lot of experience in the high
tech field, an enormous number of highly skilled workers, students, higher education
organizations, federal and corporate laboratories and entrepreneurial talent. Examples and
names of these are mentioned in chapter 3. Another hot spot for micro- and
nanotechnology is in Michigan. Their traditional strongholds are automobiles and
manufacturing. The automotive industry is one of the largest user bases of Microsystems.
Michigan also has about 7.000 Information Technology (IT) businesses and companies
like Compuware, CBSI, IBM, Microsoft, Cisco and Sun Microsystems. Furthermore
there are many research centers and well known universities in Michigan, which make it
very attractive for companies to locate there. /4/
The market for MEMS (MicroElectroMechanicalSystems) technologies has been
one of the fastest growing for the last five to ten years. From 1995 to 2000 MEMS, for
example the number of sold accelerometers for air bag-systems, has grown 20%-25%
every year. Meanwhile they are called "old MEMS" and their growth reduced speed. The
major growth will be in the area of so called "new MEMS": even smaller applications in
Page 14 of 154
future technologies such as telecommunications or biomedical innovations. This
advancement of MEMS is also called Nanotechnology.
MST-Products Market Projection
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Years
US $ Billion
Products existing in 1996
New emerging Products
Figure 2.3 Growth 19962002
/6/
The nanotech market is split between big, in the semiconductor market
established companies and newly founded start-ups (ventures). These new companies are
mostly working on applications in the fields of material science and sensors. Universities,
research centers and laboratories lead the pure research in the areas of chemistry, biology,
computer science and physics predominantly. (see chapter 3 and 4)
Page 15 of 154
In Europe more than 4.000 people are employed in the MEMS sector and more than
500.000 wafers are produced a year. The driving markets are the automotive, the
telecommunication and the biomedical segments. /1/; /2/; /5/
2.2.1 Industry Rating
To get an overview of the nanotechnology market, Roger Grace from Grace
associates created an Industry Report card. Companies and the market are graded once a
year in nine different areas (figure 2.4). /6/
Research and Development in the area of nanotechnology is well funded and
robust. This can be seen by many international meetings. The financial position is very
good predominantly because of government spending. In contrast to R&D the marketing
situation is not as good. The market needs and the application requirements are not clear.
Another problem is the lack of killer apps (high volume applications) and the popular
opinion, that good products are automatically successful. The market research is quite
difficult, because of a lack of accurate and current market data. Recently, some market
studies from investment companies (chapter 3) appeared and the situation is getting
better. Companies that supply the industry with equipment are being formed and high
investments by various companies in producing, testing and measuring equipment have
been made in the last years. With the improving infrastructure, it also gets easier to
become a MEMS player, without an investment of hundreds of millions of dollars. For
example silicon wafers can be bought instead of producing them inside the company.
Also there are advanced packaging foundries and specialists for high-volume testing.
Because of this improved periphery there are more foundries and it is easier to get
Page 16 of 154
venture capital. The markets are defined better and some successful IPOs made a better
periphery for funding. This is also supported by improving management teams.
Meanwhile it has become interesting for established managers from the "old economy" to
resume responsibility in the new technology. Their experience is very important for the
future development. Since some products have become reality the design improved and
production has gotten cheaper. But there is still a lack of interdiscipline development of
devices, packaging and interconnections. The creation of wealth improved very quickly
in the last four years. While in 1999, there have been only 20 MEMS millionaires, this
number has grown very fast since then. This trend was supported by some IPOs and
acquisitions.
.
Subject
Grades
1998
1999
2000
2001
R&D
A
A
A
A
Marketing
C-
C
C+
C+
Market research
C
B-
B-
B-
Infrastructure
C+
B
B+
A
Management Expertise
C
C
C+
C+
Design for manufacturing
C+
B-
B
B+
Venture Capital
C
B-
B+
A
Creation of Wealth
C
B-
B+
A
Profitability
C-
C-
C-
C-
Overall
C
B-
B
B+
Figure 2.4 MEMS Industry Report Card
The only subject that didn't improve in the last four years is the profitability. The
problem is that there are only a few applications in the field of micro- and
nanotechnology, such as pressure sensors or accelerometers. Other products have already
Page 17 of 154
been invented, but it takes 10 to 15 years from discovery to a marketable product. The
following timetable shows some products and their development time.
Product
Discovery
Product
Cost
Full
Evolution
Reduction
Commercialization
Pressure Sensors
1954-1960
1960-1975
1975-1990
1990
Accelerometers
1974-1985
1985-1990
1990-1998
1998
Gas Sensors
1986-1994
1994-1998
1998-2005
2005
Valves
1980-1988
1988-1996
1996-2002
2002
Nozzles
1972-1984
1984-1990
1990-2002
2002
Photonics / Displays
1980-1986
1986-1998
1998-2004
2004
Bio / Chemical Sensors
1980-1994
1994-2000
2000-2004
2004
Radio Frequency
1994-1998
1998-2001
2001-2005
2005
Rate Sensors
1982-1990
1990-1996
1996-2002
2002
Micro Relays
1977-1982
1983-1998
1998-2002
2002
Figure 2.5 Product Evolution Timetable
Another indication than the industry rating for the boost of nanotechnology is the
accelerating frequency of buzz and hype in the media. There is a correlation between the
frequency with which a term is mentioned in the media and it is importance. The
increasing mention will automatically lead to more progress in the new technology. The
chart in figure 2.6 shows the number of articles mentioning the term "nanotechnology"
over the last six years. There has been an increase of more than 900 %. You can compare
this trend to the situation ten years ago, just before the internet boom. In spite of the bad
experience of the internet sector in the last years, this hype is good for the
nanotechnology sector, because the publicity helps to raise capital needed for future
development. In the past, funding for nanotechnology was driven primarily by
governments and public organizations. Venture Capital and private investing were a very
Page 18 of 154
small portion of the funding in the past, but the situation is changing for the better. The
"nano" prefix will remind many investors of the ".com" suffix. But there's a big
difference between the two. Nanotechnology covers many fields of science and will
attract investors with many different points of views and will prohibit single investors
from making frivolous investments. Another point, that makes a crash like in the ".com"
generation implausible are different business models. The first internet companies had no
product, but only information to deal with. Companies in the nanotechnology sector have
significant amounts of property and high tech equipment, what prevents a total loss of the
investment. /1/; /5/; /6/; /7/; /8/
Articles mentioning the word "Nanotechnology"
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Number of Articles
Figure 2.6 Articles mentioning the word "Nanotechnology"
Page 19 of 154
2.2.2 Biochip business / biochip markets:
Among all the fields of application, biotechnology and bioMEMS seem to be the
most encouraging ones. Biotechnology at the nanoscale or "wet nanotechnology" has
tremendous potential in the field of diagnostics, drug discovery and drug delivery
Biochips have existed since the early 1990's. Among the first application was
DNA microarrays. Meanwhile there's the second generation of biochips, the
microfluidics based "lab-on-a-chip" concept was developed in the middle of the 90's .
There are many companies in this field, such as Aclara, Affymetrix, Caliper or Orchid
(see chapter3), which are creating very innovative products like DNA screening, drug
discovery, and different applications in the area of health and environment. These new
processing methods are more cost effective than the conventional ones in labs. For a
technical explanation see chapter 3a/b. There are two main areas for research: the
academic/institutional segment and the drug discovery segment. The first one is more
financial limited. Drug discovery is primarily done in pharmaceutical and biotechnology
companies. Of course, they have much bigger research and development budgets than
universities do. But for them and their return of investment, it is very important to have
products in the market very early. /9/
Page 20 of 154
2.2.3 Five business models
In the last few years five business models have emerged:
·
Re-focus on the main business:
Some companies have sold their MEMS activities to re-focus on their main
activity.
·
Development of large-volume market standard products
For example ink-jet printheads or air bag accelerometers.
·
Acquisition of strategic technologies
by system manufacturers to get access to key technologies, especially in the
fields of telecommunications and biotechnologies. Examples: Corning bought
Intellisense and JDS Uniphase bought Cronos.
·
Emergence of open foundries:
Specific production programs to produce more cost effective and at a higher
quality.
·
Development of a design and simulation offer:
Some companies are no longer only the manufacturer of components, they
also make the design and the simulation for MEMS.
/4,p40/
In the microtechnology market there are already existing products such as pressure
sensors, acceleration sensors and print heads for ink-jet printers. With the arrival of
nanotechno logy, the next silicon revolution is expected. It will have a great impact on
technologies such as Microelectronics, Internet and Biotechnology. The main application
will be sensors, because they are needed in each field of application.
Page 21 of 154
2.2.4 USA/Europe vs Japan
The markets in Europe and the U.S. are very similar in structure, Research &
Development activities, funding and targets. The third global player in nanotechnology is
Asia, especially Japan. While Europe and the USA are interested in basic research like
silicon processing, bath fabrication and system integration, the Japanese are
predominantely building very small machines, such as tiny robots or snake-like
endoscopes for medicine. Therefore they have one "Japan Project on Micromachining
Technology". It is funded by their Ministry of Trading and Industry (MITI). The only
participants in this project are National laboratories and the Industry. A major problem is
that universities didn't take part, which creates a gap in teaching and research. This
program expires at the end of 2001 and the continuation is not ensured. Some hope the
project will be extended for another 5-year period, others want a new project with the
creation of new industries. Because of Japan's difficult economic situation there is not
very much money and the project should show immediate results. Suggestions for the
new future project can be made to MITI; they choose one of the suggestions and this
project will be realized. /10/
But Japan wants to improve and increases their expenses on R&D for the next years.
More on Japan's R&D funding in chapter 5.1.2.
Page 22 of 154
The following table shows the level of the 3 global players USA, Europe and Japan in
different fields of the nanotechnology sector: /11,p127/
High
Low
Level
Area of Application
1
2
3
4
Synthesis
US/EUR/JP
Assembly
US/EUR
JP
Dispersions + Coating
US
EUR
JP
High Surface Area materials
EUR/JP
US
Functional Nanostructures
US/JP
EUR
Bio-electronics
JP
US/EUR
US= USA EUR=Europe JP=Japan
Figure 2.7 Level in different areas of nanotechnology
Page 23 of 154
2.3 Best available Technology / Applications
Nano engineered products are not in the market yet. Today's smallest products are
settled in the range of Micro products, MEMS and MST. Since micro is the precursor to
nano we should have a look at the current applications.
2.3.1 Eight segments
The current market can be divided into seven main segments. The areas of application
are: /1/
1. IT peripherals
2. Medical and biomedical applications
3. Telecommunication
4. Industry and automation
5. Automotive industry
6. Environmental monitoring
7. Material science and nanostructures, chemistry
As Fig 2.7 shows, the number of items sold has grown in the last six years, but the areas
of application have remained the same. This will not change until new nanoproducts enter
the market in the next years (more information in chapter 4).
Page 24 of 154
MST-Application Fields 1996 and 2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
IT-Peripherals
Med/Biomedical
Telecomm.
Ind. & Automation
Automotive
Environmental
Application
Sales US $ Billion
1996
2002
/1/
Figure 2.8 MST Applications fields
Among the applications the mselves, sensors are the most important ones. They appear in
any of these areas. Every company in all market segments need sensors. They are used
both in new products and to improve existing ones. In the industry, sensors are used to
measure the pressure, the presence of chemical elements, to detect biological stuff like
Genes, DNA (desoxiribosenucleid acid) or RNA (ribosenucleid acid) and the acceleration
(first of all in Air bag systems in cars). In the recent years, sensors have been combined
with MEMS, Internet and Bio molecules; therefore, the sensors can be divided into the
following sensing areas: MEMS-, Remote- and Bio-sensing. /12,p1/
Page 25 of 154
Besides sensors there are many products in the seven areas of application named at the
beginning of this chapter.
Most of the products are from the 1
st
area, IT Peripherals. The most popular applications
are hard disk drive heads and printheads for ink-jet printers.
Read heads are working after the following principle:
There are some materials that change their electrical resistance when they are exposed to
a magnetic field. They are magnetoresistive materials. Sensors made from such materials
can detect the magnetic field of data bits stored on a hard drive disk. In 1988 the Giant
Magnetoresistive Effect (Giant Magne to Resistive Ratio, GMR) was invented. IBM's
Almaden Research center improved this technology, and in 1997 the first commercial
read head was in the market. /13,p86/
Figure 2.9 Read Head
Page 26 of 154
In the GMR head shown in Figure 8, the copper spacer layer is about 2 nm thick, and the
cobalt GMR pinned layer is about 2.5 nm thick. The thickness of these layers must be
controlled with atomic precision. In the area of medicine / biomedicine most of the
applications are MEMS products. Heart pacemakers and hearing aids are the. /13,p107/
But nanodevices are also used in diagnostics and drug discovery. These applications are
shown separately in chapters 2.3.2 to 2.3.5. As described above the applications of
telecommunication and automation in the industry are predominantly sensors.
MEMS/MST devices are used in the following automotive systems . The Automotive
Industry also uses a lot of sensors for the installation in cars. /14/
·
Safety
Antiblock Braking systems (ABS): actual state of the car
Airbag systems:
acceleratio n, pressure, and forces
Seatbelt tensioner:
force, placement
Navigation
Yaw rate, gyro, position
Road Condition:
Optical
·
Engine/Drive Train
Fuel:
Level
Cylinder:
Pressure
Mass Air flow:
Flow
Exhaust:
Gas Analysis
Crankshaft:
Position
Camshaft:
Position
Throttle:
Position
Fuel pump:
Pressure
Torque:
Torque
·
Comfort, Convenience, Security,
Seat Control:
Presence, valve, and placement
Climate:
Temperature, humidity, air quality
Security:
Motion, vibration, keyless entry
Windshield wipers:
Optical
Page 27 of 154
·
Vehicle Diagnostics/Monitoring
Coolant system:
Temperature, level
Tire:
Pressure
Engine oil:
Pressure, level, and contamination
Brake system:
Pressure, level
Transmission Fluid:
Pressure, level
Fuel system:
Pressure, level
Vehicle speed:
Velocity
Most of the uses in cars and vehicles are sensors. In the past 5 years MEMS based
sensors have replaced electromechanical sensors and discrete switches. Also, the
metering principles have changed. Here are some examples:
Application
Old metering principle
New metering principle
Coolant pressure
Ceramic capacitive
Bonded silicon strain gage
Exhaust gas circulation
Ceramic capacitive
Bulk micromachined
Manifold Air Pressure
LVDT
Bulk micromachined
Airbag accelerometer
Ball and tube rollarmite
Bulk micromachined
Wheel speed sensing
Variable reluctance
Hall- Effect, GMR
Refrigeration coolant pressure
Ceramic capacitive
Bulk micromachined
Rate Sensor
Piezoelectric
Surface micromachined
Mass air flow
Discrete "Hot wire"
Surface micromachined
/14/
The automotive industry makes high demands on sensors and other MEMS/MST
products. The harsh underhood environment with variation in temperatures, shocks,
vibration and humidity are great challenges. These components have to be mass-produced
at a very low price, and lifetimes of 10 years or 150,000 miles are required.
For the applications in environmental monitoring sensors are predominantly used again.
Applications in the area of material science and chemistry are at the early stage of
business development. Prototypes and tests in laboratories overweight the applications
being used in the markets. Therefore the areas of material science and chemistry are no t
mentioned in Figure 2.7. /13,chapter 5,7,9/
Page 28 of 154
Placing single atoms, creating thin films of material and coatings are already being
produced in labs, but technical applications are not yet in sight. Nano engineered
chemicals and new materials such as carbon nanotubes are already invented too.
The following figures show pictures created from single atoms. /15/
Left:
Title: Atom ,
Media: Iron on Copper
The Kanji characters for "atom"
Middle:
Title :Carbon Monoxide Man Media : Carbon Monoxide on Platinum
Right:
Title : The Beginning
Media : Xenon on Nickel
Figure 2.10 Pictures made from single atoms
The improvements of these MEMS/MST and nano based products are tremendous. They
help reduce the cost of technical systems. For example an accelerometer for air bag
systems is offered for less than $2.50. Another advantage is that new areas of application
such as drug discovery, data storage or manufacturing are made accessible. We are at the
beginning of getting more integrated Microsystems The next step in the development of
applications, especially sensors, is that "sensors will become actors". System on a chip
means applications that include microelectric, micromechanical, optical and chemical
Page 29 of 154
sensors as well as other functions. These chips are not only able to sense but also to think,
communicate and act. More information on this topic is available in chapter 4.
This is a rough overview of current applications of MEMS, MST and nano devices. A
technical explanation of the functionality and structural design are not discussed in report.
At the end, some useful links for further information are attached.
The following chart shows the market volume for selected high volume applications in
the MEMS/MST market: /6/
MST-Products Market Volumes 1996 and 2002
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
read/write head
inkjet printhead heart pacemaker
in vitro diagnostics
hearing aid
pressure sensor
accelerometer
Applications
Sales US$ Billion
1996
2002
Figure 2.11 MST- Products Market Volume
Page 30 of 154
2.3.2 Biomedicine
Biomedicine is one of the most promising fields in the subject area of
nanotechnology. It is at the beginning of becoming a mass market. The whole market
sales for health and pharmaceutical products are estimated to 79.3 billion US dollars.
These applications can be divided into two major groups: the first one, existing for more
than ten years, includes MEMS/MST based devices that assist the patient like heart
pacemakers or hearing aids or diagnostic instruments used in physician's office.
The other one includes chemistry-based devices for drug discovery, gene analysis
or lab-on-a-chip concepts. This group is still in the early stages of development. /16,p4/
"The big vision here is to make the manipulations a chemist does with beakers and tubes,
and transport those techniques to a very small platform."
Michael Ramsey, Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL) /17/
This chapter provides an overview of current activities in this area such as:
·
Lab-on-a-chip and microarray applications: see chapter 2.3.3 and 2.3.4
·
DNA analysis: uses the lab-on-a-chip and microarray concept
·
Screening tools
·
Drug discovery and Drug delivery
1
: /11/
·
Inhalation systems (needleless injection)
·
Implantable pumps fo r timed delivery of drugs
·
Membranes for the separation of DNA molescules and other chemical substances:
·
Detection of pathogens, for example anthrax
2
:
·
Molecular computation
Page 31 of 154
·
Optoelectronic devices
·
Molecular motors
1
Central to the discovery of new drugs is the need to identify large numbers of lead
compounds. This approach is called "lead centered" The benefits between genomics and
combinatorial chemistry can be used in discovering new materials for drug delivery. The
risks are this "lead centered" model has never been tested and no drugs have been
invented for this approach. Assay development and screening are at an early stage of
invention
2
When the anthrax target is a present pair of nanoparticles assemble together via the
DNA filaments and change the color of the respective suspension for separation.
/11,p13/; /13,p65-76/
Four specific issues for the health care market:
Patient factor: There's an increasing number of patients, who want their medicines to
consist of the best available technology and the latest recreation methods. The
demographic development in industrial nations shows an increasing number of elderly
people. This group needs disproportionate medical treatment. This increasing life
expectancy reinforces this development and a higher quality of life and wellness that can
be achieved through biomedical and pharmaceutical products. Finally the healthcare must
be affordable to everybody. This means the biomedical applications and products must
be produced and implemented at low costs. /16,p4/
Page 32 of 154
2.3.3 Lab-on-a-chip
Definition: The chip includes systems for metering, measuring, and mixing
microscopic liquid samples with reagents, moving the mixtures to an integrated,
temperature-controlled reaction chamber, separating and determining the results with an
onboard detector. /18/
The lab-on-chip principle is a revolution in analyzing in the pharmaceutical and
healthcare segment. It can analyse DNA samples more than 100 times faster than is
possible in a traditional laboratory. Analysis time can be shortened from over ten hours to
less than 1 minute. In addition costs can be reduced dramatically. The current costs for a
testing chip are about $6. The whole equipment, including a notebook for the evaluation
is available for less than $5000 and it's getting cheaper. Furthermore the reagent costs
can be reduced because of the small volumes.
The working principle behind a lab-on-a-chip-system for DNA testing (DNA
chip, genosensor chip), is very easy. More than 100.000 micro-scale channels are on a
single, half inch sized chip. Picolitres of sample fluidics move in these channels and
conduct chemical reactions. The sensing sites of a chip are 10-200 micrometres in
diameter, approximately the size of a living cell. These chips can scan up to 40.000 genes
simultaneously, which speeds the analyzing process very much up. The knowledge for
producing such chips come from the semiconductor sector. The needed supplies for a lab-
on-a-chip, such as injection valves, channels, pumps and reactor have been fabricated in
silicon or glass. For fabriction methods see chapter 2.6. /5,p13/
Details
- Seiten
- Erscheinungsform
- Originalausgabe
- Jahr
- 2002
- ISBN (eBook)
- 9783832465704
- ISBN (Paperback)
- 9783838665702
- DOI
- 10.3239/9783832465704
- Dateigröße
- 3.4 MB
- Sprache
- Englisch
- Institution / Hochschule
- Universität Stuttgart – Betriebswirtschaftslehre
- Erscheinungsdatum
- 2003 (März)
- Note
- 1,0
- Schlagworte
- marktanalyse mems mikotechnologie nanotechnologie
