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Heinrich Mann: The development of the 'sociocritical' novel to a 'political' novel in the early work

Mirror and Antagonist of his time

©2008 Wissenschaftliche Studie 67 Seiten

Zusammenfassung

Inhaltsangabe:Abstract:
In the beginning of the 20th century numerous changes in the social, economic and political level flow together. In the ambivalent spirit of end time and break-up different trends of literature are unfolded. For the young Heinrich Mann these processes continue in his early work as a writer and qualify for interpretation and the hope to overcome the Fin de siécle trend. The selected novels of this work „Im Schlaraffenland – Ein Roman unter feinen Leuten” (1900), „Professor Unrat oder Das Ende eines Tyrannen” (1904) and „Die Kleine Stadt“ (1909) represent the development of this intention. At first they appear as a satirical criticism of the society and later in the second half of the decade as a draft for a democratic society. In the following the former novels „Im Schlaraffenland” and „Professor Unrat” are mentioned without subheading. This work shall point out the very development phase of Heinrich Mann between 1900 and 1909 until the beginning of his political writing.
As a result of biographical and literary effects he takes up a special position and shows a change in his early work. His critical and satirical examination of the society associated with a special style of speech open out in a preachy democratic ideal of the society after the turning year 1905. On the one hand these positions make the career of the man of letters difficult in the German nationalistic empire. On the other hand they make him to become a precursor of a vanguard readership.
Before the philosophical influence of Friedrich Nietzsche and the literary effect of predominantly French origin on Heinrich Mann will be dwelled on, this work will give a short overview of the literary understanding. After this the three mentioned novels will be discussed in the chapters 2., 3. and 4. and will be correlated. It will become apparent that there is a strong breach of Heinrich Mann in his satires and his democratic utopia. After the year 1905 Heinrich Mann changes his mind back to the time of reconnaissance, Jean Jacques Rousseau’s ideal of the society and the trilogy imagination of liberty, equality and brotherliness of the French revolution of 1789. His guiding themes of power and spirit, the dualism of the society and the individual and the problems of the artist are therefore at the figure of change in the first decade of the 20th century. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Table of Contents:
HEINRICH MANN: MIRROR AND ANTAGONIST OF HIS TIME1
INTRODUCTION3
1.The Fin […]

Leseprobe

Inhaltsverzeichnis


Inhaltsverzeichnis

Introduction

1. The Fin de siécle and Heinrich Mann
1.1 Conceptual definition and meaning of the Fin de siécle
1.2 Literary aspects and historical environment of the Fin de Siécle
1.2.1 History of literature
1.2.2 Literary criticism at the turn of the century
1.2.3 The understanding of art around
1.2.4 Current affairs
1.3 Heinrich Mann and his position in relation to the Fin de siécle
1.3.1 The position of Heinrich Mann in the contemporary literature
1.3.2 Philosophic influences of Friedrich Nietzsche on Heinrich Mann
1.3.3 Literary influences from France
1.4 Summary

2.“Im Schlaraffenland” (1900)
2.1 Genesis and plot of the novel
2.1.1 Heinrich Mann’s orientation at the ideal “Bel Ami” (1885) by Guy de Maupassant
2.2 The characters and their network of relationships
2.3 First sociocritical novel and society satire
2.4 Narrative form and stylistic device
2.5 Summary

3.“Professor Unrat oder Das Ende eines Tyrannen” (1905)
3.1 Genesis and textual conception
3.2 Groups of characters in the novel
3.2.1 The relation of power between Unrat and his students Lohmann, von Erztum and Kieselack
3.2.2 Unrat and the artist Rosa Fröhlich
3.2.3 The picture of Unrat and the provincial population
3.3 Reading of the novel and Heinrich Mann’s development in his second satirical social criticism
3.4 Speech
3.5 Summary

4. “Die Kleine Stadt” (1909) – The beginning of Heinrich Mann as a political writer
4.1 Genesis
4.2 Synthesis of art and live – the Italian small town and the opera society
4.3 The musical subject – Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
4.4 Heinrich Mann’s “Die Kleine Stadt” (1909) as a democratic novel
4.5 Summary

5.Final remark and prospect

List of literature

Primary literature

Secondary literature

Introduction

In the beginning of the 20th century numerous changes in the social, economic and political level flow together. In the ambivalent spirit of end time and break-up different trends of literature are unfolded. For the young Heinrich Mann these processes continue in his early work as a writer and qualify for interpretation and the hope to overcome the Fin de siécle trend. The selected novels of this work “Im Schlaraffenland – Ein Roman unter feinen Leuten”[1] (1900), “Professor Unrat oder Das Ende eines Tyrannen”[2] (1904) and „Die Kleine Stadt“[3] (1909) represent the development of this intention. At first they appear as a satirical criticism of the society and later in the second half of the decade as a draft for a democratic society. In the following the former novels “Im Schlaraffenland” and “Professor Unrat” are mentioned without subheading. This work shall point out the very development phase of Heinrich Mann between 1900 and 1909 until the beginning of his political writing.

As a result of biographical and literary effects he takes up a special position and shows a change in his early work. His critical and satirical examination of the society associated with a special style of speech open out in a preachy democratic ideal of the society after the turning year 1905. On the one hand these positions make the career of the man of letters difficult in the German nationalistic empire. On the other hand they make him to become a precursor of a vanguard readership.

Before the philosophical influence of Friedrich Nietzsche and the literary effect of predominantly French origin on Heinrich Mann will be dwelled on, this work will give a short overview of the literary understanding. After this the three mentioned novels will be discussed in the chapters 2., 3. and 4. and will be correlated. It will become apparent that there is a strong breach of Heinrich Mann in his satires and his democratic utopia. After the year 1905 Heinrich Mann changes his mind back to the time of reconnaissance, Jean Jacques Rousseau’s ideal of the society and the trilogy imagination of liberty, equality and brotherliness of the French revolution of 1789. His guiding themes of power and spirit, the dualism of the society and the individual and the problems of the artist are therefore at the figure of change in the first decade of the 20th century.

As secondary literature in particular the dissertations by Wilfried F. Schoeller “Künstler und Gesellschaft – Studien zum Romanwerk Henrich Manns zwischen 1900 und 1914”[4] and Jürgen Zeck „Die Kulturkritik Heinrich Manns in den Jahren 1892 – 1909“[5] play a strong role in this work. For the work on the texts of both satires the analyses of Ralf Siebert “Heinrich Mann: Im Schlaraffenland, Professor Unrat, Der Untertan”[6], Renate Werner „Skeptizismus, Ästhetizismus, Aktivismus“[7], Elke Emrich „Macht und Geist im Werk Heinrich Manns“[8] and Thomas Epple „Heinrich Mann – Professor Unrat“[9] have to be mentioned. The articles of Elke Segelckes „Die Kleine Stadt – Das Hohelied der Demokratie“[10] and Stefan Ringels „Heinrich Mann und Puccini“[11] respectively „Heinrich Mann – Ein Leben wird besichtigt“[12] have this done for the democratic novel „Die Kleine Stadt“. For (self)-assessment of Heinrich Mann the correspondence Heinrich Mann – Ludwig Ewers[13], André Banuls “Heinrich Mann”[14], Ulrich Weisstein “Heinrich Mann”[15] and Hugo Dittberner „Heinrich Mann“[16] help. All other authors of the secondary literature complete the picture of Heinrich Mann and my attempt to reflect his development process in the age of Fin de siécle.

1. The Fin de siécle and Heinrich Mann

1.1 Conceptual definition and meaning of the Fin de siécle

For describing the period which is meant with the discussed novels of Heinrich Mann it is important to go into the name of this age. As in all ages of literature an accurate temporally classification is hardly possible. Approximately an episode of 20 years from the late 80th of the 19th century until 1910 is meant[17].

The name “Fin de siécle” was first used from the author Emile Zola 1886 in his novel “L’Oeuvre”[18]. Soon this term from the Latin “finis saeculi” borrowed became a buzz- and keyword. In spite of the different literary flows the Décadence become a synonym of capital importance in the European literature at the turn of the century. The sources however go back until the 30th years of the 19th century.[19]

The main starting point for the motives of this age of literature is the spirit of end time accompanied by an awareness of modern spirit. This means the general idea from the fall of the whole period on a political, social, cultural and moral level which addresses in particular the subject matters of mental weakness, neural disorganisation and hysteria.[20] The focus of the literature of decadence is formed in France, Austria (das “Junge Wien”) and England. Flaubert, Baudelaire, Gautier, Hofmannsthal and Oscar Wilde are the best known representatives of this.

In the Wilhelminian Germany the assumption of the term “Fin de siécle” was the same as the critical alienation.[21] In this regard Nietzsche who describes himself as the one with the most understanding for decadence is an important indicator for German authors. But the essential impulses are coming from France: J. K. Huysman became the central character of the European Fin de siécle.[22] His cultic book “A rebours” (“Gegen den Strich”), in which the protagonist Des Esseintes creates an artificial world out of a position of physical and mental weakness, became the epitome of the decadent subject matter. Beside the weak-minded motives of downfall like the improved overwrought nerves as well as the motives of illness the attendant cult of life is not contradictory without exception. In the so-called “Renaissancekult” the decadence creates tension between the tiredness of life and the emphatic acceptance of life. Typical for that are the novels of J. P. Jacobson, Hermann Bangs and Heinrich Mann whose demand on a hysterical renaissance are expressed in the trilogy of novels “Die Göttinnen”.[23]

Jens Malte Fischer’s comment about the epoch of the Fin de siécle looks into a strong separation of the spirit of end time and the intention of outbreak over the specific period from 1890 until 1910. Wolfdietrich Rasch defines the awareness of the Fin de siécle in the sense of the spirit of end time and modernity different: “Aus dem französischen meint es nicht jung, nicht naiv, nicht konventionell, aber auch Müdigkeit, Nervenschwäche und blasierte Skepsis”.[24] According to this a term of the spirit of the late time can be: “…die Spätzeit einer Zivilisation, das Ende einer Epoche, die zwar von den Ursprüngen schon weit entfernt ist, aber doch willensstärker ist, als die Endzeit des Jahrhunderts, …”.[25] Superior to this Rasch looks on the contemporary 1900 as follows: “Es ist das wache Bedürfnis der Menschen, die eigene Gegenwart, ihre eigene geschichtliche Situation zu verstehen, sich ihrer möglichst genau bewusst zu werden und in ihrer Lebensgestaltung dem nahe zukommen, was zeitgemäß ist.” [26] As a result of the proceeding technical and scientific change in the second half of the 19th century the literature focussed on the individual.

While Ernst Robert Curtius is looking at the spirit of Fin de siécle with scepticism, pessimism and decadent enjoyment, Jacque Riviére and Ernst Stadler realise after 1900 another development. In this movement Stadler is searching for an animalistic expression: “Der Wille regt sich vorwärts zu zeigen, statt rückwärts, Anfang zu sein…”.[27] Of the same tenor Peter Sprengel writes that the literature of the Fin de siécle stands for the tense relation between the positions of downfall and the atmosphere of outbreak. Fritz von Ostini is a well-known representative who represents an Anti-Fin de siécle: “Zur Jahrhundertwende gehört die Aufbruchstimmung der Jugendbewegung, der Lebensreform und des Jugendstils ebenso wie das Untergangspathos der Dekadenz”.[28]

Heinrich Mann becomes aware of even this change of the epoch of literature between 1900 and 1910. In his early work he assume contents of Aestheticism but turns away again in the course of the decade. Based on the fact of a focus of a sociocritical view his work turns to a humanistic oriented perspective.

1.2 Literary aspects and historical environment of the Fin de Siécle

1.2.1 History of literature

They say for the history of literature to look at the literature in its historical coherences and development.[29]

In this article of the work the epoch of the Fin de siécle and especially its end after 1900 shall be shown in relation to the literary history of this epoch. For the period of the turn of the century in a historical way of the literature it can be realised that terms of the art are assumed. “Naturalismus, Impressionismus und Expressionismus stammen aus der Kunstgeschichte”[30]. However the varied nomenclature are problematic, as the impressionism is also referred to as e. g. “Jugendstil”, “Neuromantik” and “Kunst der Jahrhundertwende” in the writing of the literature historiography.[31]

In the literature the style of naturalism expresses the social situation as realistic as possible. In the literature of decadence however the artificiality of all motives comes to the fore. For the individual as well as for his environment the refinement of the nerves are considered as the main intention in all areas of life. The outcome of this is a contradictory area between the society and the individual which forms themes of capital importance in the literature of the Fin de siécle.

From the wide literature of research I would like to mention the article of Helmut Koopmann “Entgrenzung. Zu einem literarischen Phänomen um 1900”[32], which discusses the difficulty of the literature of decadence. Introductory he relativises the changes by this new form of literature: “Was sich wie die Proklamation einer neuen eigenen Kunstauffassung liest, ist freilich in erster Linie offenbar nur eine Reaktion au naturalistische Kunstvorstellungen und Wirklichkeitsinterpretationen.”[33] In the following he explains the terms „ Entgrenzung“ and „Erweiterung“:

“Wo die neue Dichtung um 1900 nicht Reaktion auf naturalistische Forderungen und Vorstellungen ist, da ist sie doch eine solche auf eine vom aufgeklärt – naturwissenschaftlichen Denken immer stärke rationalisierte, eingegrenzte, enger gewordene Welt. Diese als beengend erfahrene Wirklichkeit poetisch-imaginativ zu erweitern, ihre Elemente neu zu synthetisieren, ist das Ziel der Entgrenzungstendenzen.“[34]

Especially this process is represented effective by the D’annunzio meetings of Hofmannsthal in the 90th.

In combination with the early work of Heinrich Mann this new dimension results in a tendency of the conflict topics between society and individual.[35] The same tendency of dislimitation is particularly described in the trilogy of novels “Die Göttinnen” by Helmut Koopmann. There it is the “hohe Lebensgefühl” of the individual that bursts the limits of individuality. In this trilogy Duchess Violante von Assy lives through three stages as the freedom fighter “Diana”, as the arty “Minerva” and as the lascivious “Venus”. The discussed guiding themes “Kunst” and “Leben” are of great importance in the early work of Heinrich Mann and the Fin de siécle.

Koopmann expresses for the development of particular representations of characters as follows: “…dort, wo die Entgrenzungstendenzen gegen die Normen und Grenzen der Gesellschaft stießen, konkretisiert sich dieser Konflikt nicht selten im Typus des scheiternden oder gescheiterten Abenteurers und in dem des körperlich oder seelisch Kranken.“[36] The outcome of this is “eine Erklärung für das Interesse am Künstler um 1900”[37]. Because “Künstler sind Abenteurer, die ihren Entgrenzungsbetrieb kompensiert und sublimiert haben. … Die Kunst bietet einen Freiraum, innerhalb dessen die Grenzen der wirklichen Welt imaginär gesprengt werden können.“[38] For Koopmann the result of the dislimitation in the epoch of the Fin de siécle is:

“Gewiß ist der Wunsch nach Entgrenzung in vielen Dingen bloß eine Reaktion auf den Naturalismus und auf die Welt, deren literarischer Ausdruck dieser war. Aber das mindert nicht seine produktive Bedeutung. Im Bereich der Literatur gibt es kaum etwas anderes als Reaktionen. Wichtig ist ohnehin, dass hier Probleme sichtbar werden, die die Moderne überhaupt betrafen.“[39]

Furthermore he concludes that the following epoch of the expressionism continues the trend of the delimitation after 1900.[40]

As well as Koopmann Zmegac looks at the interest at the artist at the turn of the century as one of the guiding themes. For Zmegac this precise means that “das Motiv der Spaltung von Schaffen und Wirklichkeit und ebenso die Kluft zwischen dem Leben des Künstlers und dem der “anderen” Menschen…”[41] are one of the central themes at the turn of the century.

Therefore they are the oppositional tendencies that form the literature at the turn of the century. With it an entirely changed manner in reading is also brought about. It seems that a new time for the reception of the literature has been started.[42]

Gotthard Wunberg applies in his work “Jahrhundertwende. Studien zur Literatur der Moderne”[43] another focus to the historical coherence in the literature. He assumes that beside the interest in historical areas also the diction is a historical one.[44] This means that the proceeding of the positivistic historism is being transferred to the Fin de siécle. Therewith listing, the tendency of totality, historical precise naming, detailedness and encyclopaedia is meant.[45] For the name of the epoch of the decadence this stands for a try of the contemporaries “die Literatur der Zeit und damit letztlich sich selbst aus den eigenen historischen Bedingungen zu verstehen.”[46]

A good sample for the variety of the Fin de siécle is the article by Bengt A. Sorensen “Der “Dilettantismus” des Fin de siécle und der junge Heinrich Mann”, who looks at the thesis of dilettantism as a “Schlüssel zum historischen Verständnis”[47] of this epoch. Insofar his thesis is important, as Heinrich Mann concerns himself with the dilettantism in his novel “In der Familie” (1894). In this time and for this topic the leading ideal for Mann is the French man of letters Paul Bourget.

1.2.2 Literary criticism at the turn of the century

At the turn of the century the literary criticism and the history of literature are placed in a wide contoured frame that is here described only in a basic view.

Gotthard Wunberg also concerns himself in his study at the turn of the century in one chapter with the literary criticism. Basically therein the topic of the heroes and the criteria of the modern spirit can be realised.[48] For Wunberg the route is interesting which led to it:

“Speziell für die Literatur erhoffte man sich dementsprechend in den naturalistischen Kreisen der 80er und 90er Jahre zweierlei: eine “Zukunft der Literatur”, in der die Misere der zeitgenössischen Dichtung überwunden ware; und eine Helden, der das zuwege brächte, der das gesunkene literarische Niveau etwas anhöbe und dadurch die deutsche Dichtung den ausländischen Vorbildern ebenbürtig machte: Skandinavien, Frankreich und Russland vor allem; man wollte sich neben Ibsen, Zola und Dostojewski sehen lassen können, man wollte wieder konkurrenzfähig sein.“[49]

Furthermore the visions of the future in Germany at the end of the 19th century are intended by three different premises. “Sie waren marxistisch im Anstoß und christlich-soteriologisch in der Terminologie, aber Nietzsche verhilft ihnen – wenn auch verzerrt, übertrieben, reaktionär, moralisch (…) zum Durchbruch.”[50]

According to Wunberg the topic of heroes has a special importance:

“Kein Jahrhundert hat sich so sehr an seine Helden gehalten, ihm so viele Denkmäler gebaut, wie das neunzehnte. Zu keiner Zeit wurden von der Forschung so viele Biographica gesammelt, um sie zum Monument eines monumentalen Lebens zusammenzusetzen. Die Literaturkritik, die ihren Helden, ihren Messias forderte, wollte nichts anderes.“[51]

In the following Wunberg regards the individual and utopian expectations as causes for the basic factors for the future of the literary criticism.[52] His conclusion for the literary criticism at the turn of the century is:

“Die Schlagworte der Zeit werden zu Kategorien der Literaturkritik. Die Literatur der Moderne wird gemessen an ihrer Zukunftsfähigkeit und allem, was damit zusammenhängt. Alles andere hat sich dem unterzuordnen. Begriffe wie „Erlöser“ und „Messias“, „Überwindung“ und „neue Menschen“, ja … „neu“ beschreiben die literarische Moderne als Vorstadium, als Vorbereitung auf eine größere Zeit, die die Erfüllung erst noch bringen wird.“[53]

Thereby for him it is important to see the following:

“[D]ie Schlagworte der Zeit …[werden] zu Kategorien der Literaturkritik … . Aufgrund dieser Feststellung blieb nur eine Lösung: „Der „Ausweg“, der sich schließlich fand, war ein „Weg nach Innen“; allerdings in doppelter Hinsicht. Die Alternative hieß: die eigene Psyche, also, was man gemeinhin Décadence nannte; oder – die Heimatdichtung.“[54]

In the German-speaking area Hermann Bahr was the most important literary critic at the turn of the century. He is considered as the mastermind of the epochs of literature from naturalism to expressionism or as Wunberg expresses “Frühkenner von literarischen und kulturellen Phänomenen”[55]. His literary sources can be found under Ibsen, Bourget, Barrés, Flaubert, Zola, Maeternlinck, Oscar Wilde, Morris, D’annunzio as well as the Spanish, Polish and Czechs[56]. A part of these sources also provide a literary basis for Heinrich Mann. The literary criticism for the modern spirit of Bahr means to recent understand it: “Es heißt sie dynamisch zu verstehen. Sein [Bahrs] Begriff von Dynamik hieß “Überwindung” …, es komme darauf an, die Welt, die immer nur verschieden interpretiert worden sei, zu verändern.”[57]

With Herman Bahr and his competitor Karl Klaus the theatre critic Alfred Kerr from Berlin gives one more important aspect for the critic in due time: “So wie Kunst im Zeichen von Vitalismus und Lebensreform dem Selbstgenuß des Rezipienten, seiner Lebenssteigerung dienen soll, so gilt jetzt die Rezension als eine Form der Selbstbefriedigung des Kritikers.”[58]

Another view is given by Oliver Pfohlmann in his article “Literaturkritik in der literarischen Moderne” from “Literaturkritik – Geschichte, Theorie, Praxis”[59]. Therein Pfohlmann expresses that the term „impressionistische Literaturkritik“ has become accepted as the overall name.[60] Furthermore the form of the literary criticism conforms to the requirements of the literature, it comes to a subjectifying, to a turn inwards.[61] The communication of feelings and associations of the critic during the reading will become more important than the pure review of literature.[62]

As it is expressed in the foreword of “Kritik in der Zeit”[63] the understanding of poetry has changed to that effect that contrary to the naturalism the overvaluation of scientific dispassion and objectivity is no longer an aesthetic norm.[64] Rather this means: “Ausstellung der Subjektivität des produktiven Individuums, das im Werk der Welt aus sich herausschleudert, wird zum Schaffensideal des Expressionismus.“[65]

As regards content there will be connections to the naturalism by criticising the depressing society of the imperialistic empire.[66] The literary criticism of the Fin de siécle was all in all geared in a great extent to the idea of the future of this epoch and its form conforms to the contents of the decadence.

1.2.3 The understanding of art around 1900

For an all around view of the literature at the turn of the century I would like to discuss some aspects concerning the understandung of art of this epoch.

According to the naturalistic principle of art of Arno Holz art is the status of the nature minus a factor x.[67] That means in words: “Die Kunst hat die Tendenz, die Natur zu sein; sie wird sie nach Maßgabe ihrer Mittel und deren Handhabung.”[68] Certainly this form of the understandung of art was no longer important in the Fin de siécle. Rather the decadent literature turns to the progression of the principle of the l’art pour l’art, the art for the sake of the art. Eckhard Heftrich describes the formula l’art pour l’art generally as “die Tendenz der modernen Kunst”.[69] Even if l’art pour l’art is used negative later on and even as a swear word it can also be regarded as one of the “stolzesten Errungenschaften”[70]:

“Der Künstler lädt mit diesem Bekenntnis die ganze Verantwortung auf sich. Er fühlt sich keinem Menschen, keiner Staatsautorität, keinem sozialen Zwang mehr verantwortlich; umso mehr aber sich selber, seinem Gewissen und der Stimme ,du sollst’. Das macht ihn frei und befangen.“[71]

The development of the l’art pour l’art already dates from 1830. The French author Théophile Gautier and later on Charles Baudelaire decisively formed it. In the time of civil and quality oriented revival Gautier recognises the critic of the new literature of the l’art pour l’art. On the one hand there are the guards of the virtue since the Victorianism 1837 and on the other hand there are the utilitarian. “Sie fordern bei allem, also auch bei der Kunst, dass als höchster Wert, als höchstes Ziel die Nützlichkeit zu gelten habe.”[72] However Gautier convicts a tabooing in the art just as he backs up that “alles Schöne ohne Nützlichkeit besteht.”[73]

Originally became known by Benjamin Constant the term l’art pour l’art learns a new meaning in the late time of decadence. Eckhart Heftrich explains the later use of the term ,l’art pour l’art’ as follows:

“Diese Dekadenzliteratur hat dann im letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts gewisse problematische Züge der l’art pour l’art-Idee so stark herausgetrieben, dass von da an bei in unsere Tage sich mit dem Begriff fast untrennbar all das verbindet, was aus dem Wort Kunst für die Kunst eine negative Bestimmung werden ließ.“[74]

In the middle of the 19th century Charles Baudelaire is the one who is emphatic on the l’art pour l’art principle in his work. The “Fleurs du mal” (1857) increases the artificial artificiality and have an effect on other authors. Certainly Stephan Mallarmé and J. K. Huysmans “A rebours” are among the French ideals, the height of abnormal decadence. In the 80th years this understanding of art extends about the Aestheticism. Oscar Wilde is known as one the most famous representative. He stands for the radical form of the Dandiysm as described by Baudelaire in “Der Maler des modernen Lebens” (1863).

For another thing there is the literary phrasing of the Aestheticism in connection with the Fin de siècle and its edge profile of the Dandiysm. Among others the Aestheticism is related to the naturalism by Gisa Briese-Neumann in her study of the phenomena of the Fin de siécle:

“Der fin de siécle-Ästhetizismus wird (vielfach) pauschalisiert, wenn man ihn al seine Gegenposition zum Naturalismus auffasst und ihn des weiteren auf eine enge Affinität zum Impressionismus, Symbolismus und Jugendstil festlegt, die eigentlich nur durch die Vorliebe für das Künstliche gegeben ist.”[75]

Contrary to the naturalism the mimetic principle is playing an important role in a reverse sense: The nature is contoured synthetic by the art. Detailed considered the Aestheticism means:

“Als Ausdruck der radikalen Infragestellung des gesellschaftlichen Ganzen bezieht sich der fin de siécle Ästhetizismus auf ein für die Moderne spezifisches Verhältnis von Subjekt und Objekt, das seinen Ausdruck in den der totalen Subjektivierung unterworfenen Sehakten des Betrachters findet und sich am ehesten auf eine spezifische Form der ,Wahrnehmung’ festlegen lässt.“[76]

At the turn of the century there are John Ruskin, Hugo von Hofmannsthal and D’annunzio who are known for their aesthetic poetry. In Germany Stefan George is giving further impulses with the George-circle.

The decadence becomes another tendency through the turning to the sensual notice. The literature abuts to the renaissance and the antiquity. In connection with the art of the painter Jakobus Halm Heinrich Mann e. g. let the figures speak about “hysterischer Renaissance”[77] in the trilogy of the goddesses.

With the turning back and excessive increase of known principles of the art the literature of decadence then confines and traces the individual in the society for taking up a position against the political and social reality.

1.2.4 Current affairs

In this chapter I would like to dwell on the historic current affairs because in my point of view the literature is soever affected by historical coherences.

With the formation of the German empire 1871 the emperor state decided for global political interests in the 90th. This means that Wilhelm II. and the commanding entity of military focussed on economic and external success by imperialistic measures.

Heinrich August Winkler compares in his description in two volumes “Der lange Weg nach Westen”[78] the phase between 1895 and 1900 with the economic boom of the period of promoterism.[79] In the entity of military the policy of fleet of General von Tirpitz has the most important significance since 1898. With this a balance of economic interests and also an antipole for the social democracy were created.[80] The attended nationalism is caricatured even in Heinrich Mann’s work at the turn of the century and satirised in his novels.

Winkler refers to Naumann who presents an ,emperor of fleet and industry’ which wanted to overcome the social extremes with power politics.[81] Socially the population stands behind Wilhelm II.. The bourgeoisie exerts little influence on the national issues and the social democracy was keenly weak since the socialists’ laws of Bismarck 1871. But Winkler emphasises:

“Die Abschottung gegenüber der übrigen Gesellschaft immunisierte die Sozialdemokraten bis zu einem gewissen Grad gegen den wilhelminischen ,Zeitgeist’: Das sozialdemokratische Milieu war antimilitaristisch, antinationalistisch und, im Prinzip jedenfalls, auch antikolonialistisch.”[82]

Further important developments for the society at the turn of the century are mentioned by Hans Ulrich Wehler in his multipart serial “Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte”[83]. With the proceeding industrialisation a strong urbanisation has taken place which changes the lifetime of the German in the German empire and become the subject matter of the social novels in the 19th century. The most notable attribute in a historical as well as in a literary view is the tense relation between the modernisation and the tradition.

Wehler noticed about the imperial Germany:

“Bei alledem handelte es sich um Prozesse und Ordnungskonfigurationen, bei denen eine neuartige Dynamik auf tief verwurzelte Beharrungskräfte traf, so dass das kaiserliche Deutschland zum Schauplatz des klassischen Modernisierungsdilemmas wurde: Der rasanten sozialökonomischen Evolution stand die Behauptungskraft gesellschaftlicher und politischer Traditionsmächte gegenüber. Dadurch wurde ein allzeit gegenwärtiges, oft explosives, ständig über latent belastendes Spannungsverhältnis geschaffen, aus dem unablässig gravierende Konflikte hervorgingen, deren Ausgang trotz aller restriktiven Bedingungen häufig ungewiss war.“[84]

These tensions have then taken place in all social levels.[85] Especially the bourgeoisie and the nobility thereby hold the most important positions. Indeed the bourgeoisie experiences the rise of the empire but the nobility remains the dominant power.

The educated bourgeoisie has a specific position: “Ganz überwiegend diente es bereitwillig der autoritären Monarchie, öffnete sich aber auch den neuen Entwicklungen des Interventions- und Sozialstaats, des kulturellen Lebens und erst recht den Wissenschaften.“[86]

This is also reflected in the underlying subject matters of the literature at the turn of the century. Heinrich Mann was easiest related to the group of the bourgeoisie and felt associated with them. Wehler describes that at the educated bourgeoisie ideological views met.

“Nicht zuletzt aber traf die Bildungsreligion selber auf mächtige Konkurrenten, die wie etwa der Nationalismus, der Sozialdarwinismus und der Nietzschanismus, der wissenschaftsgläubige Positivismus und der elitäre Kulturpessimismus mit ihrer Verheißung eines überlegenen ,Weltbildes’ oder sogar dem Anspruch einer Säkularreligion zu einer verwirrenden Diversifizierung, damit aber zu einer Auflösung der ideellen Integration des Bildungsbürgertums beitrugen. Deshalb herrschte im deutschen Bildungsbürgertum vor 1914 eine tiefe Zerrissenheit.“[87]

For the literature, the art, the entity of theatre and music it is mainly important that the “kulturelle Hegemonie” continues in spite of all national control in the bourgeoisie in the period of the turn of the century.

1.3 Heinrich Mann and his position in relation to the Fin de siécle

1.3.1 The position of Heinrich Mann in the contemporary literature

Regarding the work of Heinrich Mann at the time of the Fin de siécle he adopts a literary critical position. On the one hand there are accordances with this epoch of literature on the other hand he goes his own not conformal lanes.

His early work is affected by literary tendencies of the Fin de siécle. B. A. Sorensen confirms in his article “Der Dilettantismus des Fin de siécle und der junge Heinrich Mann”[88] that especially Heinrich Mann is interested in a phenomenon: “Kein zweiter deutscher Schriftsteller hat sich mit dem Phänomen des Dilettantismus so intensive beschäftigt, wie der junge Heinrich Mann.”[89] The literary critic Hermann Bahr explains the term of dilettantism as follows: “Sich verwandeln. Täglich die Nerven wechseln, so dass dasselbe Leben sich täglich auf einem anderen Planeten erneut.”[90] Furthermore the dilettantism is brought together with the figure of the Dandy, famous in the 19th century.[91] For Sorensen there is a comparison between the literary phenomenon and Heinrich Mann. He puts this down to the lifestyle and his literary work in these years: “Die Lebensform des Dilettanten ist demnach ein wesentliches Mittel des jungen Heinrich Mann, sich andere Existenzformen und andere Milieus anzueignen, um daraus die ihm gemässe literarische Physiognomie zu bilden.”[92]

According to this the sparse observed first novel „In der Familie“ (1894) is affected by Paul Bourgets “Le discible”. Bourget is the one who already formed the term of the dilettantism in 1883 and who acts as an ideal for Heinrich Mann. Accordingly the protagonist Wellkamp from “In der Familie” has characteristics of a dilettante. One year later in 1895 Mann starts a job for the magazine “Das 20. Jahrhundert”.

This employment proved to be problematic. Because “Das 20. Jahrhundert” turns against everything which is modern. “Auf dem Gebiet der Kunst und Literatur bekämpfte sie pauschal alle modernen Strömungen.”[93] In this phase the development of Heinrich Mann is ambivalent. “Die Zweideutigkeit seiner Lage zeigt sich vor allem darin, dass er gerade die geistigen und literarischen Tendenzen verdammt – und als Redakteur verdammen musste -, die er in den Jahren unmittelbar vorher bewundert und nachgeahmt hatte, …”.[94] In this time Heinrich Mann has just begun to orientate himself in a position as an artist.

Wilfried F. Schoeller discusses a similar aspect concerning the position of Mann in relation to the decadence in his dissertation “Künstler und Gesellschaft – Studien zum Romanwerk Heinrich Manns zwischen 1900 und 1914”. He evaluates the later fluctuations between satire and artistry: „Darin ist wieder die dualistische decadence – Verfassung des Künstlers kenntlich, die keine das Gesamtwerk einheitlich prägende Formkraft, sondern nur vereinzelte und voneinander abweichende Formlösungen zulässt.”[95]

Around the turn of the century keywords are established such as artist, romantic, stylist, psychologist or analyst with which Heinrich Mann amongst others will be named in the future. Specific for the artist Heinrich Mann however are the stylistic differences on the Fin de siécle literature. His critical opinion of the decadence is expressed in the satiric and grotesque texts. “Im Schlaraffenland” (1900) will be his first society satire in view of the Wilhelminian metropolis society.

The main point for the position of Heinrich Mann in relation to the Fin de siécle however exceeds the critical attitude. Opposite an antithetic, that is an oppositional – reactionary need of this time he declines the naturalism and has his own imaginations concerning the literature. Gerhard Schäffner adduces his manifest “Neue Romantik” for the precise presentation of the naturalism succeeding epoch.[96] The manifest shows a clear tendency for Mann in the necessary and duly synthesis between the old romanticism and the naturalism in a true realism.[97] His ideal of art can be outlined with two words “Wirklicher Realismus”. Schäffner summarises the argumentation of Mann as follows:

“In Rezensionen und Essays ging Heinrich Mann vorwiegend anhand von Künstlerporträts auf die Suche nach einem eigenen literarischen Standort, suchte einen ,dritten Weg’ zwischen Romantik und Naturalismus, deutscher und westeuropäischer Literatur, erkenntnistheoretischer Agnostizismus und Determinismus, immer bemüht, mit einer „Neuen Romantik“ die Moderne voranzutreiben: den ,wirklichen Realismus’, in dessen Ästhetik das Schöne wie das Hässliche, das Alltägliche wie das Wunderbare Platz haben.“[98]

Heinrich Mann eventually is an author who is affected by the epoch of the Fin de siécle however pursues his own perspectives and aspirates a traditional view of the artist.

1.3.2 Philosophic influences of Friedrich Nietzsche on Heinrich Mann

Friedrich Nietzsche was of significant importance for the work of Heinrich Mann.

For this work the relationship of the two is of interest because it is affected by a changing of the acceptance to a position of distance like the literary change of Heinrich Mann.

The research from the 70th dates an early getting acquainted Mann’s with the work of Friedrich Nietzsche. 1891 he read “Jenseits von Gut und Böse” (1886), 1894 “Menschliches Allzumenschliches” (1878-1880). “Also sprach Zarathusta” (1882-1885) temporarily becomes his main reading. Finally an article about Heinrich Mann’s understanding of Nietzsche was published in the “20. Jahrhundert”.[99] Therein he discusses his position in relation to the capitalistic society, to Germany and to the art.[100]

Therefore just a few words for introduction. A whole generation of literature is formed by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. Although in his younger writings he himself was affected by Schopenhauer and the music from Richard Wagner. His younger writings create a new opinion of the Dionysian and Apollonian Greece.[101] The philosophy of Nietzsche in 1880 has contents as follows:

“Der ,Sklavenmoral’ des Christentums stellte er die ,Herrenmoral’, dem Jenseitsglauben die Bejahung des Lebens entgegen. …Die Begriffsprägungen Nietzsches haben zum Teil die Verachtung der Moral und unberechtigterweise der Machtpolitik willkommene Schlagworte geliefert (,Übermensch’, ,Herrenmoral’, ,Wille zur Macht’).“[102]

In an aphoristic form of the speech he affects the literature and the philosophy above all by his exposing psychology.[103]

However the essay about Nietzsche by Soergel confirms the great influence on men of letters such as Gottfried Benn, the Mann brothers, Friedrich Georg, Ernst Jünger, Rudolf Bochhardt and Franz Krafka. At the same time Soergel attests one of the most important connoisseur and conqueror of the decadence: “Er war gegen die Moderne, besaß aber als Stilist den “Sinn und die Lust an der Nuance” der nervösen Moderne. … Wie die Meistersingerouverture ist Nietzsches Wortkunst prachtvoll, überladenschwer, sinnlich und “eine späte Kunst”.”[104] Even this effect is adopted by authors like Dehmel, Mombert, Heinrich Mann and Gottfried Benn.[105] In the contemporary terms and ideas of the socialism, the bourgeoisie, the modernity and the decadence he requires permanently his time.[106]

[...]


[1] Cp. Heinrich Mann: Im Schlaraffenland - Ein Roman unter feinen Leuten, Frankfurt a. Main, 2001

[2] Cp. Heinrich Mann: Professor Unrat, Hamburg, 2005

[3] Cp. Heinrich Mann: Die Kleine Stadt, Frankfurt a. Main, 2003

[4] Cp. Wilfried F. Schoeller: Diss. Künstler und Gesellschaft – Studien zum Romanwerk Heinrich Manns zwischen 1900 und 1914, München, 1978

[5] Cp. Jürgen Zeck: Diss. Die Kulturkritik Heinrich Manns in den Jahren 1892 –1909, Hamburg, 1965

[6] Cp. Ralf Siebert: Heinrich Mann: Im Schlaraffenland, Professor Unrat, Der Untertan, Siegen, 1999

[7] Cp. Renate Werner: Skeptizismus, Ästhetizismus, Aktivismus, Düsseldorf, 1972

[8] Cp. Elke Emrich: Macht und Geist im Werk Heinrich Manns, Berlin, 1981

[9] Cp. Thomas Epple: Heinrich Mann - Professor Unrat, München, 1998

[10] Cp. Elke Segel>

[11] Cp. Stefan Ringel: Heinrich Mann and Puccini, in: Heinrich Mann Jahrbuch, Vol. 19. Lübeck, 2003, P. 97 - 141

[12] Cp. Stefan Ringel: Heinrich Mann – Ein Leben wird besichtigt, Darmstadt, 2000

[13] Cp. Heinrich Mann – Briefe an Ludwig Ewers 1889 - 1913, Berlin, 1980

[14] Cp. André Banuls: Heinrich Mann, Stuttgart, 1970

[15] Cp. U. Weisstein: Heinrich Mann, Tübingen, 1962

[16] Cp. Hugo Dittberner: Heinrich Mann, Eine kritische Einführung in die Forschung, 1974

[17] Cp. Reallexikon d. deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Ed. Klaus Weimar, Berlin, 1997, „Bezeichnung für eine Übergangsphase, die mit der Abkehr vom Naturalismus um 1890 (in Frankreich bereits um 1880) beginnt und erst um 1910 mit dem Aufkommen des Expressionismus endet.“

[18] Ibidim

[19] Cp. Wolfdietrich Rasch: Die literarische Décadence um 1900, München, 1986, P. 31

[20] Cp. Reallexikon d. deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Ed. Klaus Weimar, Berlin, 1997

[21] Ibidem

[22] Ibidem

[23] Cp. Reallexikon d. deutschen Literaturwissenschaft, Ed. Klaus Weimar, Berlin, 1997

[24] Cp. Wolfdietrich Rasch: Die literarische Décadence um 1900, München, 1986, P. 31

[25] Ibidem, P. 35

[26] Ibidem, P. 30

[27] Ibidem, P. 37

[28] Cp. Peter Sprengel: Geschichte der deutschsprachigen Literatur 1870 – 1900, München, 1998, P. 122

[29] Cp. Metzler Literatur Lexikon, Ed. von Günther und Irmgard Schweikle, 2. überarb. Auflage, Stuttgart, 1990

[30] Cp. Kritik in der Zeit, Ed. Manfred Diersch, Halle, 1985, P. 9

[31] Cp. Kritik in der Zeit, Ed. Manfred Diersch, Halle, 1985, P. 9

[32] Cp. Helmut Koopmann: „Entgrenzung. Zu einem literarischen Phänomen um 1900“, in: Fin de siécle. Zu Literatur und Kunst in der Jahrhundertwende, ed. by Roger Bauer a.o., Frankfurt a. M., 1977, P. 73 - 92

[33] Ibidem, P. 77

[34] Ibidem

[35] Ibidim, P. 83: „Wie sehr die neue Interpretation des Dichterischen in den letzten Jahren vor 1900 (mit der Intention, die traditionellen Grenzen des dichtenden Ichs zu erweitern, sich zu entgrenzen) fast automatisch zu Konfliktsituationen mit der Gesellschaft führte dokumentiert auch das Frühwerks Heinrich Manns.“

[36] Ibidem, P. 87

[37] Ibidem, P. 88

[38] Cp. Helmut Koopmann: „Entgrenzung. Zu einem literarischen Phänomen um 1900“, in: Fin de siécle. Zu Literatur und Kunst in der Jahrhundertwende, ed. by Roger Bauer a.o., Frankfurt a. M., 1977, P. 88

[39] Ibidem, P. 91

[40] Ibidem, P. 92

[41] Cp. Viktor Žmegac: Kleine Geschichte der deutschen Literatur, Wiesbaden, 2004, P. 265

[42] Ibidem, P. 73

[43] Cp. Gotthart Wunberg: Jahrhundertwende. Studien zur Literatur der Moderne, Tübingen, 2001

[44] Ibidem, P. 59

[45] Ibidem, P. 81

[46] Ibidem, P. 78

[47] Cp. B. A. Sørensen: Der Dilettantismus des Fin de siécle und der junge Heinrich Mann, in: Orbis litterarum 24, 1969, P. 251

[48] Cp. Gotthart Wunberg: Jahrhundertwende. Studien zur Literatur der Moderne, Tübingen, 2001, P. 151

[49] Ibidem, P. 150f

[50] Ibidem, P. 153

[51] Ibidem, P. 155

[52] Ibidem, P. 158

[53] Ibidem, P. 151f

[54] Ibidem, P. 162

[55] Cp. Gotthart Wunberg: Jahrhundertwende. Studien zur Literatur der Moderne, Tübingen, 2001, P. 343

[56] Ibidem, P. 344

[57] Ibidem, P. 345

[58] Cp. Oliver Pfohlmann: „Literaturkritik in der Literatur der Moderne“, in: Literaturkritik, Geschichte – Theorie – Praxis, Ed. Thomas Anz/Rainer Baasner, München, 2004, P. 101

[59] Ibidem

[60] Ibidem, P. 99

[61] Ibidem

[62] Ibidem

[63] Cp. Kritik in der Zeit, Ed. Manfred Diersch, Halle, 1985, P. 5 - 22

[64] Ibidem, P. 10

[65] Ibidem

[66] Ibidem, P. 5 - 22

[67] Cp. Die deutsche Literatur in Text und Darstellung – Naturalismus, ed. by Walter Schmähling, Stuttgart, 2002, P. 99

[68] Cp. Die deutsche Literatur in Text und Darstellung – Naturalismus, ed. by Walter Schmähling, Stuttgart, 2002, P. 94

[69] Cp. Eckhard Heftrich,: „Was heißt l´art pour l´art ?“, in: Fin de siécle - Zu Literatur und Kunst der Jahrhundertwende, ed. by Roger Bauer a.o., Frankfurt a. M., 1977, P. 17

[70] Ibidem, P. 18

[71] Ibidem

[72] Ibidem, P. 21

[73] Ibidem

[74] Ibidem, P. 26

[75] Cp. Gisa Briese - Neumann: Ästhet - Dilettant - Narziss, Frankfurt a.M., 1985, P. 30

[76] Ibidem

[77] Cp. Heinrich Mann: Die Göttinnen - Die drei Romane der Herzogin von Assy II., Frankfurt. a. M., 1987, P. 246

[78] Cp. Heinrich August Winkler: Der lange Weg nach Westen, Vol. 1, München, 2000

[79] Ibidem, P. 275

[80] Ibidem, P. 272

[81] Ibidem, P. 284

[82] Cp. Heinrich August Winkler: Der lange Weg nach Westen, Vol. 1, München, 2000, P. 295

[83] Cp. Hans - Ulrich Wehler: Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Vol. 3, München, 1995

[84] Ibidem, P. 1251

[85] Ibidem, P. 1258, „Dadurch wurden hochgradig soziale, politische und kulturelle Spannungen erzeugt, so dass sich, trotz aller gemeinsamen Grundzüge dieser sozialökonomischen Umwälzung, gerade mit der auffällig erfolgreichen deutschen Industrialisierung besondere Charakteristika verbunden haben.“

[86] Ibidem, P. 1271

[87] Ibidem

[88] Cp. B. A. Sørensen: Der Dilettantismus des Fin de Siécle und der junge Heinrich Mann, in: Orbis Litterarum 24, 1969, P. 251 - 270

[89] Ibidem, P. 260

[90] Ibidem, P. 254

[91] Ibidem, P. 255

[92] Ibidem, P. 261

[93] Ibidem, P. 265

[94] Ibidem, P. 266

[95] Cp. Wilfried F. Schoeller: Diss. Künstler und Gesellschaft – Studien zum Romanwerk Heinrich Manns zwischen 1900 und 1914, München, 1978, P. 326

[96] Cp. Gerhard Schäffner: Heinrich Mann – Dichterjugend, Heidelberg 1999, P. 94

[97] Ibidem, P. 96 and 99, „Hier ist bereits vorgeprägt, was in der „Neuen Romantik“ zu den tragenden Elementen der Argumentation gehört, nämlich dass auch und gerade der „echte Realismus“ im Manneschen Sinne idealistische und romantische Züge trägt.“

[98] Ibidem, P. 159

[99] Cp. Hugo Dittberner: Heinrich Mann, Eine kritische Einführung in die Forschung, 1974, P. 84

[100] Ibidem

[101] Cp. Der neue Brockhaus, Vol. 4, F.a. Brockhaus Wiesbaden, 1964

[102] Cp. Der neue Brockhaus, Vol. 4, F.a. Brockhaus Wiesbaden, 1964

[103] Ibidem

[104] Cp. Albert Soergel – Curt Hohoff: Dichtung und Dichter der Zeit, 1. Vol., Düsseldorf, 1964, P. 362

[105] Ibidem

[106] Ibidem, P. 367, „Er fordert sämtliche Ideen und Idole der Zeit heraus attackiert die zeitgenössischen Begriffe es Sozialismus, Bürgertums, der Moderne, Dekadenz und Moral, Hegel und Platon, Wagner, das Publikum, die öffentliche Meinung, die Psychologie. Nietzsche predigt den Nihilismus, schmäht die „Falschmünzereien“ jenes „unheilvollen Querkopfes“ Paulus. ... Er lobt Rausch, Instinkt, Kraft und Leben.

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Originalausgabe
Jahr
2008
ISBN (eBook)
9783836612913
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Englisch
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2014 (April)
Schlagworte
heinrich mann satire
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Titel: Heinrich Mann: The development of the 'sociocritical' novel to a 'political' novel in the early work
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